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        The Pre-Columbian Americas:

The 'discovery' of the America's in 1497 signalled one of history's most profound cultural decimations.

Although today, the savagery of such conquest might appear to us alien, mankind is as cruel today as it ever was. As we sift through the fragmentary remains of pre-Columbian history, we reveal that it is only ourselves we have to fear.

Quick Links:

 

When were the America's First Colonised.

There is no question that the America's were populated for a long time before Columbus arrival in 1497. The focus of debate today is centred on suggestions that the Americas had been colonised by people from what is generically termed the 'old-world'.

The now fossilised, worked bone in the photo (below), was found nearly 40ft deep in upper Pleistocene deposits dating from about 10,000 - 8,000 BC, at Tequixquiax, in the north of the valley of Mexico. Height 6 inches (15.4cm). (Present location: Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico).

Science Daily (Apr. 3, 2008) — 'DNA from dried human excrement recovered from Oregon's Paisley Caves is the oldest found yet in the New World -- dating to 14,300 years ago, some 1,200 years before Clovis culture -- and provides genetic ties to Siberia or Asia, according to an international team of 13 scientists'. (5)

 

   Featured American Locations:
 

The Chaco canyon 'Sun-dagger'

In what is now the state of New Mexico in an area known as Chaco Canyon are the remains of an elaborate development of the Anasazi people who lived in the region from about 500 to 1300 AD. Some 120 meters (400 feet) above the canyon floor near the top of an outcropping known as Fajada Butte, three slabs of sandstone were placed against a rock wall creating a shaded space. Carved into this shaded wall are two spiral petroglyphs, one large and one small. Sunlight passes over them at various times throughout the year as it streams through chinks between the sandstone, but it was not until the 1970s that their true purpose was literally illumined.

(More about the Chaco-canyon sun-dagger)

 

Chavin du Huntaar, Peru.Chavin du Huantar  - (Capital of the Chavin culture).

Chavin du Huantar, is an unusual complex of steeply walled platforms, honeycombed with stone-lined passages surrounding a sunken plaza. It is unique amongst Pre-Columbian temple groups. The principle edifice, called 'The Castillo' is faced with cut-stone blocks in courses of varying widths. Inside the core are at least three irregular storeys of stone-lined galleries, chambers and ventilating shafts.

There are still several engraved obelisks as Chavin du Huantar. Perhaps the most incredible (Right), called 'El-Toro' (the Bull), or 'Lanzon' (the Lance), was originally situated in the centre and deep in the underground catacombs at Chavin de Huantar. The top of it, at 4.5m,  protruded through the ceiling, and the floor above.

(More about Chavin du Huantar)

 

Chichen Itza - (Abandoned Mayan city).

The stepped pyramid-temple (Right), records the equinoxes in a unique way. The sun creates a shadow of a huge 'snake' to ascend the steps in spring, and descend again in autumn (2). Whether or not this was a deliberate design feature is speculative, but other astronomical features at the site certainly lend weight to the idea that it was intentional. Each step corresponds to a day, each platform to a Mayan month. The temple is erected above the 365 steps. (17)

(More about Chichen Itza)

 

La Venta The 'African' Heads:

It was in 1938 that Dr. Stirling uncovered the first head, which was made from a single piece of basalt rock resting on a prepared foundation of un-worked slabs of stone. He said of it that it was:

 '...unique amongst aboriginal American sculptures, it is remarkable for its realistic treatment. The features are bold and it is amazingly negroid in character'. (3)

(More about La Venta)

 

 

Machu Pichu - (Mountain Citadel)

This Pre-Columbian Inca mountain citadel was only rediscovered in 1911. It shows several strong indications of astronomical observation. The structures are built from white granite, with blocks reaching up to 3.7 metres in length.

Location of the famous Intihuatana stone, also called "The Hitching Point of the Sun" because it was believed to hold the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. At midday on March 21 and September 21, the equinoxes, the sun stands almost above the pillar—casting no shadow at all.

Skeletal remains show a 10:1 ratio of females to males. (12)

(More about Machu Pichu)

 

Palenque - (Mayan pyramid complex).

The only known example of an original burial within a pyramid.

The tomb of Pakal was found deep within the 'Temple of Inscriptions' (which also houses the second longest Glyphic text from the Mayan world). The photo (left) is the famous lid of Pakal's tomb, suggested to represent Pakal in the guise of one of the manifestations of the Maize God emerging from the  underworld.

Spence (8), says: 'The entire city of Palenque was solely a priestly centre, a place of pilgrimage'. The city is laid out in the shape of an amphitheatre, with a central pyramid. The city was deserted in the 8th century AD, along with several other Mayan centres.

In the last 15 or 20 years, a great deal more of the site has been excavated, but currently, archaeologists estimate that only 5% of the total city has been uncovered.

(More about Palenque)

 

San Agustin, Columbia: (Columbian Megaliths).

The San Agustin archaeological park in Colombia includes a wide variety of stone sculptures (Megaliths), mostly carved between AD 100 and 1200. In the park are an amazing array of separate stone sculptures, in the shapes of animals and warriors and human faces, some mythical, some realistic. They are carved out of volcanic rock - some are over 4 meters tall and weigh several tons. The site, excavated by K. Th. Preuss during the 1940s, has been declared a World Heritage Site.

(More about San Agustin)

 

 

Tiahuanaco, Bolivia: Mountain complex

Tiahuanaco sits in the Bolivian Andes at a height of over 12,500 ft.

Inca tradition spoke of the founding Inca male and female coming to Cuzco from the 'Island of the Sun' on Lake Titicaca, nearby. (4)

The city was the administrative and religious heart of a pre-Incan civilisation that began in the year 237 BC and endured for over 1400 years. During its peak (724- 1172 AD) the Tiahuanacan Empire covered nearly all of Bolivia, Northern Chile and Southern Peru, ruling over more than three million subjects. (9)

(More about Tiahuanaco)

 

Teotihuacán - The 'City of the Gods'.

It was suspected by Stansbury Hagar, that the city had been built as a 'map of heaven'. During the 1960's and 1970's a comprehensive mathematical survey was carried out by Hugh Harleston Jr who determined that the principle structures line up along the street of the dead (and beyond), and that the city was a precise scale model of the solar system. (21)

The Pyramid of the sun (Right), has the same base dimensions and half the height of the great pyramid in Egypt.

(More about Teotihuacan)

(Full list and description of American sites)

 

The Copper 'Reels'

Copper ingot from Crete (Left), and a British Museum Ingot from the 'Foundry Hoard' at Enkomi, Cyprus c. 1225-1150 BC (Right).

American sites have yielded considerable numbers of copper tablets shaped like the hide of an animal; and they were named 'reels'. In 1896, in Cyprus, and subsequently in many Mediterranean excavations, corresponding 'Bronze Age' copper objects, recognised now as ingots used in international currency, have been found. The American examples indicate an international trading system existed. (1)

 

   The Mound Builders.

USA has more than 100,000 artificial mounds between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. (12)

(More on this subject soon)

 

 

 

   An African Presence in Pre-Columbian Americas:

 

There have been several previous attempts to prove the 'fusion' of African and native Pre-Columbian American races. Evidence has been put forward ranging from linguistics, plant geography, skeletons, terracotta figures and even North African 'Tifinag' inscriptions on the Virgin Islands. (3) However, nowhere is the evidence for this argument stronger than at La-Venta, where several large stone heads and have been discovered that clearly display Negroid features.

 

The huge proportions of the heads demonstrates that they were influential people, and their association with the Olmec culture at around (800-600 B.C.) places them long before the Maya, Inca or Columbus's arrival in America. Van Sertima concluded that these people originated from Egypt and the middle-east.

The first rumours of large stone-heads in Tres Zapotes came from as early as 1858, but it was in 1938 that Dr. Stirling uncovered the first head, which was made from a single piece of basalt rock resting on a prepared foundation of un-worked slabs of stone. He said of it that it was:

 '...unique amongst aboriginal American sculptures, it is remarkable for its realistic treatment. The features are bold and it is amazingly negroid in character'.

 

The head was found 10 miles from the source of the stone and a long slab of stone which was found at the same site yielded a precise date of Nov 4th. 291 BC. As digging increased in south America other larger heads and earlier heads were found at sites such as La Venta, which began to reveal a chapter of history in the pre-Columbian Gulf of Mexico that was almost lost to us. The La Venta heads showed several similarities to the Tres Zapotes heads, and it emerged that they dominated the ceremonial plaza, a feature which suggests that they were in some way 'revered'. Four heads were found at La Venta, all of them faced the Atlantic, and the largest at 9ft high had its domed top flattened so that it could function as an altar. A speaking tube was found going in at the ear and out at the mouth; a possible oracle or talking god. Radio carbon dates from the site were published in 1957 and they give an average reading of 814 BC +/- 134 yrs.  These figures were among the oldest at the La Venta site.

La Venta was not alone in its depiction of Negroid faces in stone. Apart from the four found there, two were excavated in Tres Zapotes and a further five at San Lorenzo in Vera Cruz, one of which, the largest known, is nine feet, four inches high, and is estimated to weigh around 40 tons. (3)the theory forwarded by Van Sertima (3) reinforcing the theory that the 'Olmec' sites of La Venta and Tres Zapotes were governed by Negroid Africans and Middle-eastern Caucasians between 800-600 BC,

In 1972, craniologist Andrzej Wiercinski reported that 13.5% of the 76 fragmentary crania from Tlatilco, a site associated with the Olmec civilization, showed "a clear prevalence of the total Negroid pattern" (Jordan 1992). Wiercinski measured the skulls for 48 morphological traits, but focused on the traits he considered best for discriminating between the "three great races of man" (Van Rossum 2004). The remains were dated to the Pre-Classic Period (1,500 BCE-300 CE), well before the arrival of Columbus. (3)

(More about La Venta and the African Stone-heads)

 

 

   An Australian presence in Pre-Columbian America:

A Genetic link has been determined between the Aborigines of Australia and the 'Fuegian's' from 'Tierra-Del-Fuego' in Southern-most America. This suggests a connection at least 30,000 years old.

Article: BBC. Science News. (August, 1999)

'The first Americans were descended from Australian aborigines, according to evidence in a new BBC documentary. The programme, Ancient Voices, shows that the dimensions of prehistoric skulls found in Brazil match those of the aboriginal peoples of Australia and Melanesia. Other evidence suggests that these first Americans were later massacred by invaders from Asia'.

(Link to full article)

There is a physical similarity between the 'La-Jollans' of Southern California, who also used the spear thrower, had initiation ceremonies for boys, women excluded, the twirling of a 'Bull-roarer', and with ground paintings involved. La Jollan artefacts are virtually indistinguishable from those of the Kartan culture of Australia. (3)

 

 

 

   The Pre-Columbian Pyramid Builders:

In 1964, aerial photography identified nearly 1,000 pyramid sites in Peru alone. (4)

The existence of pyramids in the Americas has often been suggested as a significant proof of contact between people from the 'Old' and 'New' worlds. However, this claim has been reasonably contended with the argument that the similarity in shape proves no such thing, and that such claims can only be validated by providing through substantiating proof, such as cultural, botanical and more recently, genetic research.

 

 Whether through accident or design, it is a fact that the 'Pyramid of the Sun' at Teotihuacan has the same base dimensions and is half the height of the 'Great' pyramid at Ghiza.

  

The layout of the two great pyramid complexes have also been compared.

(More about pyramid geometry)

 
Pyramids and the Feathered Serpent.

The step pyramid of Kukulcan (Quetalcoatl), at Chitchen Itza (Note the snakes on the left side)

The Great stairwell at Hatshepsut's Mortuary temple includes a huge feathered serpent running down each side of the stairwell.

The feathered serpent is a very specific and fundamentally important symbol of both South American and Egyptian cultures. In Egypt during the Middle kingdom, the symbol can be generally interpreted as representing a united Egypt (both upper and lower). In South America, the symbol was used to represented the god Quetalcoatl.

(More about Feathered Serpent's)

Further similarities become apparent when we look at the similarities of 'function' between pyramids from the two cultures. We know for example that there was an astronomical association in both cultures. Van Sertima notes that 'When pyramids appear in America in the Olmec culture they are orientated astronomically'. (3) Of course, the fact that the Babylonian ziggurats and Egyptian pyramid were also built by 'Solar' worshippers is just one of the many other cross-cultural similarities that can be seen.

Palenque.

 

The Mayan pyramid of Palenque, within which the tomb of King Pakal was discovered in 1952.

We know without question that the Egyptian pyramids came first, and by a few thousands years, so there is no suggestion of contact between the pyramid builders themselves. However, it is undeniable that the theme of pyramid building was a global phenomena which occurred around the world, and not just in Egypt. In fact, it is also seen in the middle east, the far east, on the Pacific Isles, in the Americas, and even in Europe.

(More about Pyramids)

 

Indian Maize (Corn)...?

Although Corn (Maize) officially only made the journey from the 'New-world' following Columbus discovery of the Americas, it is found in Indian art several hundreds of years before his time.

(More about Prehistoric India)

 

 

   The Piri Reis Map:

The significance of this map is sometimes overshadowed by the various myths and claims surrounding it. Regardless of the debatable claim that the map shows the outline of the Antarctic continent, there are certain demonstrable facts which make this map potentially one of America's most valuable historical relics.

The Piri-reis map (c. 1513), is a fragment of a larger composite map of the world, with its epicentre in Egypt. It was created with a working understanding of longitude and latitude and a system of geometry which allowed the cartographer to accurately draw the outlines of Africa and America relative to each other. 

The legend on the map dates it to 'Muharran' in the Muslim year 919 (1513 AD), only 20 years after the official discovery of the Americas by Columbus in 1492. The legend itself however, gave claims an origin far older than 20 years,  revealing that it was a section of a world map composed from more than twenty source maps, some drawn in the time of Alexander the great, and that 'some were based on mathematics' (7).

The map has  pre-Columbian provenance.

The map shows the eastern coastline of America.

The map shows accurate use of Longitude and Latitude.

The map-builders used 'Spherical geometry'.

The centre of the map is at the junction of the 23.5˚ parallel and the longitude of Alexandria.

The cartographers of the Piri-reis map used a system called the 12-wind system, which was used extensively in the middle ages and has its roots in the Babylonian sciences.

(More about the Piri-reis map)

 

 

 

   The Mystery of the Cocaine Mummies:

The 21st dynasty Pharaohs were mummified, and the body of Queen Henut Taui lay placed in the depths of a desert tomb in the belief it would give her immortality. Her mummified body waited throughout recorded history - the Greeks and Romans, the Dark and Middle ages, the Renaissance and Napoleon, until in the early 19th century, her tomb was plundered.

The king of Bavaria bought the ornate sarcophagus with the mummy inside. He gave it to a museum in Munich, where for another century, Henut Taui lay undisturbed. Then four years ago a German scientist, Dr Svetla Balabanova, made a discovery which was to baffle Egyptologists, and call into question whole areas of science and archeology to chemistry and botany.

She discovered that the body of Henut Taui contained large quantities of cocaine and nicotine. The surprise was not just that the ancient Egyptians had taken drugs, but that these drugs come from tobacco and coca, plants completly unknown outside the Americas, unheard of until Sir Walter Raleigh introduced smoking from the New World, or until cocaine was imported in the Victorian era.

(Click here for full transcript of video)

Following this discovery, other experts began testing Mummies and discovered Tobacco for example the substance was found in Mummies from the British Musuem by their keeper Dr.Rosalie David. There was even some found on the bandages of the great Rameses II himself by Dr.Michele Lescaux!

 

Article from the official Ancient Egyptian Bibliography (AEB) published by the University of Leiden.

NERLICH, Andreas G., Franz PARSCHE, Irmgard WIEST, Peter SCHRAMEL and Udo LÖHRS, Extensive pulmonary haemorrhage in an Egyptian mummy, Virchows Archiv. An International Journal of Pathology, Berlin - Heidelberg 427 (1995), 423-429. (ill.).

Report on the morphological and trace element findings of several internal organs from an Egyptian mummy approximately dating from the year 950 B.C. according to C-14-analysis. By use of a multidisciplinary approach the authors succeeded in discovering evidence for severe and presumably recurrent pulmonary bleeding during life. This was suggested by the finding of massive haemosiderin deposits in the lung and a selectively and markedly elevated level of iron in trace element analysis of the lung tissue. Furthermore, an enhanced deposition of birefringent particles in the lung tissue, without significant fibrosis, was observed. The histological analysis of liver, stomach and intestine confirmed the macroscopic organ diagnoses without evidence of any major pathological processes. In addition, analysis for various drugs revealed a significant deposition of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), nicotine and cocaine in several organs of the mummy. The concentration profiles additionally provide evidence for a preferential inhalation of THC, while nicotine and cocaine containing drugs seem to have been consumed orally.

 

  • Hand-Shaped Incense Spoons. - Van Sertima mentions the presence of similar 'Hand shaped incense spoons' in both 'Old-world' and 'New-world' cultures.

The following two photos (below left and right), from Denderra, Egypt, are perhaps what Van Sertima (3) is alluding to... although, and I daresay its all in the eye of the beholder .. but it looks as though the contents of these 'incense burners' are being inhaled.

'Burnt Offering's' at Denderra, Egypt.

More 'burnt offering' from Abydoss.

(Other examples of Drug use in Prehistory)

 

 

   The Model Aircraft:

It is perhaps just another one of life's curious coincidences that these small aerodynamically sound 'models' have been found in both South America and Egypt. Whatever the kismet, they provide good food for thought.

 

Egyptian 'model' (left), S. American 'models' (centre, right).

This particular 'model' is on display in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. Its explanation states: “gold artefact, a stylised insect, from the Quimbaya culture, Antioquia province, Columbia, ca. 1000-1500 AD.”

(More about Prehistoric Flight)

 

 

   'Old-world' - 'New' World' Contact before Columbus:
 

The following examples are some of the major evidences put forward to substantiate the proposal of old-world/new-world contact prior to Columbus arrival.   

Old World narratives of the Americas:

The 'Atl'-as Mountains - The Andes in South America were called the 'Atl-Andes' by locals when they were first discovered. In America, the word 'Atl' comes from the Nahuatl tongue, and means 'Water', and we know that a city of Atlan, 'Near the Water', still existed on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama at the time of conquest. (10) The mountains that run through Morocco on the other side of the Atlantic ocean were also called the 'Atlas' mountains, a tradition can be traced back at least as far as the Greeks. (In Greek mythology Atlas supported the world on his shoulder).

  • Plutarch makes mention of the 'Cronian' or 'Saturnian' continent beyond the Atlantic. (10)

  • Diodorus says 'Over against Africa lies a very great island in the vast ocean, many days sail from Libya westward' (Book V, Chap ii). The Phonecians, he said, having built Gades, sailed along the Atlantic coast of Africa when a ship was 'On a sudden, driven by a furious storm far into the main ocean; and that after they had lain under this tempest for many days, they at length arrived at this island'. (10)

  • There is a similar statement to that above in a work attributed to Aristotle (de Mirab. Auscult.), in which the discovery is ascribed to the Carthaginians. (10)

  • Aelian, in his 'Varia Historia' (Book iii, Chap.xviii), tells us that Theopompus related the particulars of an interview between Midas, King of Phrygia, and Silenus, in which Silenus reported the existence of a great continent beyond the Atlantic 'larger than Asia, Europe, and Libya together'. He stated that a race of men, called Meropes were persuaded that their country was a continent. Out of curiosity, some of them crossed the ocean and visited the Hyperboreans. (10)

  • It is now a historical fact that the Norse, sailing from Iceland, not only discovered America in the tenth century, but also established colonies on the coast of New England, and they preserved communication with these colonies for over two centuries. (10)

  • The Abbe de Boubourg says in his introduction to the Popol-Vuh, 'It has been known to scholars nearly a century that the Chinese were aqcquainted with the American continent in the fifth century of our era. Their ships visited it. They called it Fu-Sang, and said it was situates at the disatance of 20,000 li from Ta-Han'. M.Leon de Rosny has ascertained that Fusang is the topic of 'a curious notice in the Wa-kan-san-tan-dzon-ye (which is the name of the great Japanese encyclopedia). In that work Fusang is said to be situated east of Japan, beyond the ocean, at the distance of about 20,000 li (7,000 miles or more) from Ta-nan-kouek. (10)

  • Baldwin in 1869 cites a note from the Abbe Brasseur's translation of the 'Popol-Vuh' in which he said 'There is an abundance off legends and traditions concerning the passage of the Irish into America, and their habitual communication with that continent many centuries before the time of Columbus...An Irish saint, named Vigile, who lived in the eighth century, was accused to Pope Zachary of having taught heresies on the subject of the antipodes. At first he wrote to the pope in reply to the charges, but afterwards he went to Rome in person to justify himself, and there he proved to the pope that the Irish had been in communication with a trans-Atlantic world'. This fact seems to have been preserved in the records of the Vatican. (10)

  • The Basques, being adventurous fishermen, and extensively engaged in the whale fishery, were accustomed to visit the northeast coast of America long before the time of Columbus, and probably "from time immemorial". (See Michael's "Le Pays Basques," and De Bourbourgs introduction). (10)

  • The Welsh annals tell us that the prince Madog, about the year 1170 AD, 'sailed away westward, going south of Ireland', to find refuge from the civil war among his countrymen. We are told that he found the land he sought. Having made preparations for a settlement, he returned to Wales, secured a large company that 'filled ten ships', and then sailed away again, and 'never returned'. In 1660, the Rev. Morgan Jones, a Welsh clergymen, seeking to go by land from South Carolina to Roanoke, was captured by the Tuscarora Indians. He declared that his life was spared because he spoke Welsh, which some of the Indians understood; that he was able to converse with them in Welsh, though with some difficulty; and that he remained with them four months'. (10)

 

'Monarchic' similarities between the 'Old' world and the 'New' cultures.

There have been several attempts to connect the old and new world through apparently unrelated similarities. The following are a selection of rituals involved religion or monarchy, which have counterparts in both the old-world cultures and the 'new-world'.

The following list also comes from Van Sertima (3). It illustrates several specific similarities between these two apparently unrelated cultures. Although the evolutionists often quote the 'isolationist' theory to explain these similarities, there are also similarities in mythology, dialogue, religion, etc to warrant further examination

  • The four Bacabs that hold up the sky (3)

  • The opening of the mouth ceremony (3)

  • The Double Crown (3)

  • The Royal Flail (3)

  • The Sacred Boat (3

  • Purple as a royal colour (3)

  • The use of Artificial Beards for priests and Royalty (3). Young men and even women had to wear false beards in Egypt if they were to participate in royal or priestly duties.

  • A Feathered Fan with specific colours (3)

  • Ceremonial Umbrellas (3)

  • Human headed bird figures emerging from tombs (3). The theme of 'human-headed' bird figures is repeated in several middle-eastern cultures, not least, the Egyptians, Mesopotamians and before them, the 'Metsamorian' culture from Turkey, the roots of which have been shown to trace back to 9,500 BC.

(For a fuller list see Jairazbhoy).

 

Old-World scripts in the Americas.

In 1838, the first authenticated Phoenician inscription was excavated from a burial chamber found at the base of Mammoth Mound, in Moundsville, West Virginia. The similarity to Iberian Writing was recognised and the contents of the mound were attributed to European visitors. The mounds of the eastern and central America have timber chambers rather than stone, but they contain similar archaeological remains to those found in Iberia. (1)

Barry Fell, in his book 'America BC', presents us with numerous examples of ancient 'scripts' found across the Americas. They include Iberian 'Punic', Libyan, Basque, Norse, Egyptian, Phoenician and 'Ogham', all of which are traditionally found in the context with the 'Old World'. Convincingly, many of these scripts were dated, according to their dialects, to within the range of years 800 BC - 300 BC (1).

Any resistance to the idea that America was colonised before Columbus, is countered by the weight of physical evidence provided by Fell. The picture he builds suggests that about 3,000 years ago bands of mariners crossed the North Atlantic and colonised North America. They built temples and circles and buried their dead in marked graves. They were still there in the time of Julius Caesar, as is attested by an inscribed monolith on which the date of celebration of the great Celtic festival of Beltane (Mayday) is given in Roman numerals appropriate to the reformed Julian calendar introduced in 46 BC. In the wake of these 'Celtic' pioneers came Phoenician traders from Cadiz, Egyptian miners, Basques Libyans and Norse. Each leaving a few engraved stones to mark their visits. (1)

The 'Fuenta Magna'.

This 'libation' bowl, with cuneiform hieroglyphs on it was discovered in the 1950's near Tiahuanaco.

The authenticity of the bowl is challenged by sceptics who claim it to be fabricated by archaeologists. It now resides in the Museo De Oro, La Paz.

(More about the Fuente Magna)

 

Additional cultural connections:

Aboriginal American cultivated cotton has been indicated to the satisfaction of botanists to be a hybrid between Asiatic cultivated and American wild cotton. Cotton was present in the lowest agricultural, pre-ceramic horizons of coastal Peru. Carriage by human hands across the Pacific at this early period would appear to be the only explanation. The other agricultural products found in this earliest Peruvian agricultural horizon, beans and cucurbits (squashes and gourds), are also of widespread occurrence in both the Old and New worlds. (11)

'On the coast of Chile characteristic stone implements have been found which must have come from Easter Island'. (11)

The Pan-pipes of Peru and of early China show some astonishing similarities, such as use in pairs, connected by string, with alternate notes of the scales on alternate instruments. (11)

In both regions [Peru and China] a narcotic is chewed, betel-nut in the Pacific, coca in the Andean region, and the alkaloid is released by mixing the quid with lime. The gourd containers and the lime spatulas are of the same forms. (11)

Bark cloth is made of the same or a similar bark by a very cognate process in Polynesia and South America, and the product in Polynesia and South America, and the product has a similar appearance. In both regions feather mosaics were important and had a very like appearance, made by analogous processes. (11)

(Other examples of Cross-culturality)

 

 

   Featured American Sites:
 

North American Sites:

Bighorn Medicine Wheel
'Sun-Wheel' made of stones.
Blyth Figures
Man and 'horse' drawn in stones. (Horse extinct since 10,000 B.P)
Cayonu
Megalithic stonework and Building as at Ghiza's 'Valley temple'
Cerro Blanco
Carved clay platform from eighth century B.C.
Chaco Canyon
'Sun-dagger', Anasazi city.
El Endrillado (Chile)
Cyclopean complex
Mystery Hill
Megalithic remains. Dolmens, Menhirs, Astronomy etc.

Mexican Sites:  (Mexico Homepage)

Chichen Itza

The Calendar pyramid, Observatory.
La Venta Olmec site. Negroid stone-heads
Monte Alban
Mountain-top ceremonial complex.
Palenque
Pyramid complex with tomb of 'Pascal'.
Teotihuacán
Ceremonial pyramidal complex.
Tula Toltec ceremonial complex

South American Sites:

Bolivian sites.

 
Tiahuanaco
Ancient Ceremonial complex next to Lake Titicaca.
Puma Punka Coming Soon
   

Columbian Sites.

 
San Agustin. Pre-Columbian concentration of 'Megaliths'.
Tierradentro. Numerous rock-carved underground Hypogea.
   

Peruvian Sites.

(Peru Homepage)
Chavin Du Huantar
Cyclopean complex, network of underground tunnels.
Cuzco. Earth Navel and Inca capital.
Machu Picchu
Cyclopean mountain citadel. Astronomical associations.
Nazca
Large-scale desert 'drawings'.
Ollantaytambo
Cyclopean hilltop fortress.
Sacsayhuaman
Cyclopean citadel near Cuzco.

(Return to Top)

 

References:

1). Barry Fell. America B.C. 1974. Demeter press.
2). A. Collins. Gods of Eden. 1998. Headline press.
3). Ivan Van Sertima. African presence in Early America. 1992. Transaction Publishers.
4). D. Zink. The Ancient Stones Speak. 1979. Musson Bok Co.
5). http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080403141109.htm
6). http://rllewellyn.net/academic/FantArch/fantastic.html
7). C. Hapgood. The Maps of the Sea Kings.
8). Lewis Spence, Mexico and Peru, 1994, Senate press.
9). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1878905.stm
10). John. D. Baldwin. Pre-Historic Nations. 1869. Harper and Brothers.
11). J. Alden Mason. The Ancient Civilisations of Peru. 1957. Penguin Books.
12). The atlas of mysterious places. 1987.Guild publishing.
17). E. Von Daniken. In Search of Ancient gods. 1976. Corgi.
21). G. Hancock. Fingerprints of the gods. Mandarin. 1996.

 

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